Core trials

Acetabular fractures occur in a similar patient population to that of hip fracture patients. They also have similar co-morbidities such as cognitive impairment and osteoporosis. NICE guidelines for the management of hip fractures state that…

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is characterised by an absolute deficiency of insulin caused by immunologically-mediated damage to the beta cells in the pancreas and raised blood glucose levels. It is one of the commonest endocrine and metabolic…

According to the World Health Organization, more than 300 million people suffer from depression globally, equivalent to a lifetime prevalence of 7 to 12% for men and 20 to 25% for women. MDD is the leading cause of disability worldwide and a…

At least one-quarter of the UK adult population has hypertension, which is a major risk factor for heart attacks and stroke. Primary aldosteronism (PA), a treatable form of hypertension, accounts for 5-10% of all cases, and 20-25% of those with…

Breast cancer is the most common cause of death for European women between 20 and 70 years of age, with approximately 430,000 new breast cancer diagnoses every year. Over 20 million European women are screened annually for early detection through…

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the most common severe chronic autoimmune disease worldwide with a rapidly increasing incidence and prevalence, occurring in adults and children equally. The aetiology of T1D is an autoimmune (loss of self-tolerance)…

Type 1 diabetes is the most common severe chronic autoimmune disease worldwide. The incidence of type 1 diabetes is rising rapidly with a predicted increase in paediatric cases of 70% over the next 15 year in Europe. The aetiology of type 1…

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) affects 12.5 million people worldwide, and accounts for 7% of those requiring renal replacement therapy. The hormone vasopressin drives cyst growth until ultimately most of the normal functioning…

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory condition of the large bowel associated with diarrhoea, pain and bleeding that affects 120,000 people in the UK. Patients at the most severe extreme, who are hospitalised with acute severe UC (ASUC),…

Chronic pain can arise from direct damage to the nervous system, which is known as nerve or neuropathic pain. Examples include sciatica and the pains caused by shingles or diabetes. Neuropathic pain is pernicious and treatments are often…

Patients with chronic neuropathic pain complain of pain in the absence of a painful stimulus. These spontaneous sensations can be constant and burning or intermittent and sharp or stabbing in quality. Pain can also be brought on by normally…

Despite potential surgical advances in the management of distal femur fractures (DFF), the optimum management in elderly patients remains unclear. These injuries are challenging to manage – the fracture is often in multiple fragments and further…

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a relapsing-remitting form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the intestinal tract, most commonly the ileum and the colon. It is a common condition, affecting at least 115,000 people in the…

Segmental overgrowth disorders are rare conditions characterised by abnormal growth which is usually asymmetric and confined to discrete parts of the body. We and others have recently identified mosaic activating mutations in the p110α catalytic…

The myeloproliferative disease primary thrombocythaemia (PT), also known as essential thrombocythaemia, has a median age of presentation of 60 years but is increasingly being recognised at an earlier age. The risks of the untreated condition are…

Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for most patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), resulting in improved health and patient survival, quality of life and health economic benefit in comparison to remaining on…

Food allergy is a common condition, affecting 5-8% of the childhood population and 2-4% of adults and the most frequent cause of fatal allergic reactions. Consequently, it is a problem of significant public health importance. We currently…